Steam Engines, beloved in song and story

Tootle, The Little Engine That Could, Tom Thumb, Hogwarts Express, Polar Express, Oriente Express, Broadway Limited, Thomas,we still love them.  Diesel locomotives replaced the steamers by 1957 or so but never got into literature or the movies much. Among railroad people steam locomotives were always described by the number of the locomotive's wheels, pilot wheels, driving wheels, trailing wheels.  The standard 19th century steamer was a 4-4-0, four pilot wheels, four driving wheels, no trailing wheels. 
   The earliest steam engines, Tom Thumb is still on display at the Baltimore and Ohio museum.  The design is straightforward, firebox on the bottom, a fire tube boiler mounted  atop the firebox and a stack on top of the boiler.  Flames rose up thru the firetubes, boiled the water, and rose up the stack creating draft to keep the wood fire burning brightly.  Just four driving wheels.  Tom Thumb never went fast enough to need the steadying effect of pilot wheels.  This design was successful and quite a few were built.  But the design does not scale well.  A bigger locomotive needs a bigger taller boiler and the taller boiler won't fit under bridges. 
   New design, that lasted until the end of steam, laid the firetube boiler on it's side, placed the firebox at the rear, where the fireman could reach into the tender for wood, or later coal, and the stack at the front.  Flames from the firebox were led forward thru the firetubes and then up the stack.  Waste steam from the cylinders was vented up the stack to increase the draft and creating that distinctive choo-choo sound. This arrangement needed a pilot truck the carry the weight of cylinders, stack , and the front half of the boiler. 
   In my childhood all small boys knew that you could tell a passenger locomotive from a freight locomotive by looking at the number of pilot wheels.  Freight ran fairly slowly, say 30 mph and a two wheel pilot truck was enough to steady them.  Passenger trains reached 100 mph by 1900 and needed much more weight on the pilot truck to lead the locomotive into switches and curves.  The extra weight needed four wheels to support it. 
    The older smaller 19th century engines located the firebox just over the rear set of drivers.  This worked, but it limited the width of the firebox to 4 foot, eight and a half inches, the track gauge.  Larger locomotives built after 1900 moved the firebox clean aft of the drive wheels and widened it out to 10 feet, the widest it could be without hitting station platforms.  And a pair, sometime two pair of trailing wheels were added under the firebox. 

Toilet Paper is back in stock!!!

Did the week's grocery shopping.  Demand has pulled forth supply.  The empty shelves are now filled with both paper towels and toilet paper.  About time.  They are asking $3 a pound for chicken.  Still showing a lot of strange house brands.  Signature is Shaw's favorite now.  I bought a load of Signature white bread last shopping run.  Not good.  Worse than Wonderbread, mushy, a slight off taste.  Everybody wore a mask.  We all thanked the cashiers.

They ain't including return envelopes in bills

Four of my suppliers did not include a return envelope in their bill this month.  I had to hand scribe a return envelope for each of them. PITA.  A new cost cutting measure?  I'm not talking about a stamped return envelope, just a window envelope that lets the company's billing address on the payment slip show thru.

Middle school was getting bad back then

I wrote this for Youngest Son back when he was doing middle school some ten years ago.  I wonder if things in school are still this bad.


1.  Never say the word "gun" (or shoot or fire or kill or bang-bang or...) 
2.  Never take any thing that looks like, sounds like, or might be accused of being, a gun to school.    Same goes for any kind of knife, even a butter knife.  Don't bite your food into gun shapes.  Don't point a finger, or anything else at anyone.  No toy soldiers, no Lego guns, no books about guns or with illustrations of guns, or people carrying guns (cowboy stories, Johnnie Tremain, Last of the Mohigans, anything like that).
3.  Never say anything angry about anyone or anything.  If something or someone angers you don't say anything about it.  Hold it inside yourself until you get home.  Never threaten anything. 
4.  No touching, no hitting, no hugging. Keep your distance.
5.  They are always watching you and listening to you.  Especially on the bus, at recess and on the Internet.

Forget any of these rules and they will throw you out of school, for good.

School was easier to survive when I was a kid. 

The Battle of Britain

Decisive WWII action.  Had the British lost, Hitler would have invaded Britain and that would have changed everything, for the worse.  In the spring of 1940 Hitler looked invincible.  He had conquered and occupied Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, The Netherlands, France (a great power) and driven the British (the other great power) into the sea at Dunkirk.  Although the British had managed to rescue most of their soldiers, they abandoned all their tanks, trucks, artillery, tents, rations, and ammunition. Only a few troops retained their rifles.  Had Hitler been able to put a few divisions ashore in England in the summer of 1940, it would have been all over for the Brits.

   Only the Royal Navy stood in the way.  Had the Germans set out for England in their fleet of Rhine River barges, the Brits would have steamed up along side in destroyers and blown the Germans out of the water.  The Brits had better than 100 destroyers backed up by 30 odd cruisers and a dozen battleships. They had sunk Graf Spee and Bismarck.  The actions off Norway had wiped out most of the German destroyers.  Those river barges would have been on their own crossing the channel. 

   The German Luftwaffe might have been able to drive the Royal Navy away and safe guard the crossing.  For this to work, the Luftwaffe had to establish air superiority.  You cannot be attacking RN destroyers with Spitfires on your tail.  This means shooting down RAF fighters in the air and bombing RAF bases out of operation. 

   The Brits knew what was coming.  They had invented and installed the first modern air defense system.  We were still using the idea in USAF in the 1960s.  It consisted of ground radar, linked by telephone to “sector stations” which scrambled the fighters and gave them vectors and altitudes to fly for interception. 

Without the radar Luftwaffe strikes would have surprised the RAF on the ground unless the RAF flew reconnaissance sorties to spot the Germans at a distance.  The number of recon sorties would have huge.  A fighter unit can only put up so many sorties a day.  To waste all those sorties just flying around looking for the enemy would have meant the end for the British.  With the radar, the British fighters could stay on their fields, all fueled and armed, ready to scramble, and count on intercepting the Germans on pretty much every sortie.  No sorties wasted flying recon.

   Had the Germans figured things out, they could have bombed the radar stations.  There were easy to find, being right on the coast and having 300 foot high antennas marking their positions.  And they could have bombed out the sector stations by homing in on their radio transmissions.   But, the Germans never figured out what was going on and let the radars and the sector stations operate undisturbed.  They counted on shooting down the Hurricanes and Spitfires in the air, and bombing their fields.  This didn’t work out because the British planes and pilots were as good as the Luftwaffe planes and pilots, and the British cranked up their aircraft factories and were building more planes than the Germans were shooting down. 

  Why do we care?  England was a Great Power; she had 50 odd million population.  Not too shabby even compared to our 100 odd million back then. And England could count on solid support from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and India.  India put up many of the troops that beat Rommel in North Africa, and later beat the Japanese at Imphal and drove them out of Burma.  And, England was the base for the air war on Germany and for launching D-Day.  Many of the craft that landed in Normandy were open landing craft.  They could cross the Channel in good weather but they would never survive crossing the North Atlantic even in summer.  In short England was key strategic terrain.  Had the Germans taken it in 1940 it is difficult to imagine how we would ever have been able to beat Hitler.

We need to get the country back to work.

We need to get the country back to work.  Every day we all consume food, fuel, clothing, shelter and any one of a zillion different necessities of life.  We are running out of stuff.  We have to get back to work and grow, manufacture, mine, frack, transport raw materials to factories, and transport finished goods to stores.  The whole country has been out of work for eight weeks now.  We are running out of stuff.  You can see it when you go grocery shopping.  Empty shelves, missing product, lack of toilet paper, paper towels, whole milk, beef, pork, and chicken at the butcher’s counter. 

   And most of us need our paychecks.  And business needs workers.  The governor allowed hair salons and barber shops to open this week in New Hampshire.  I made an appointment with Mane St Styles to get my hair cut.   The proprietor greeted me at the door, gave me a new mask to replace the daughter-in-law made one I was wearing, took my temperature with one of those high tech IR gadgets, and greeted me warmly.  All the staff were overjoyed to back to work.  And it did feel good to get my hair off my neck after two months.

   Naturally as soon as we do get back to work, people are going to catch COVID-19.  Staying at home we are fairly safe.  Getting out into the world exposes us to the virus and some of us will catch it.  Some of us will die from it.  And the medics and the media will cry that we are killing people.  Until we have a vaccine, and that is a year away according to the TV, there is some risk involved.  But that risk is the same tomorrow, next week, next month, until we have a vaccine.  Can we keep the country shut down for a year waiting on a vaccine?  I don’t think so.  I am in the high risk group.  But I will risk it just to eat at a restaurant.  I am tired of eating my own cooking.

   And, to get the country back to work we need to protect our businesses from COVID-19 lawsuits.  We cannot allow lawyers to sue every business in sight every time someone comes down with COVID-19.  People come down with COVID-19 because the Chinese released the virus into the world.  If we give the lawyers their head, they will sue all our small businesses clean out of business.  Small businesses don’t have lawyers on staff, they cannot afford lawyers, and just the threat of unending lawsuits will kill them all. 

   By all accounts if you are under 50 and in decent health, your odds are pretty good; say 0.1% chance of dying.  If you are over 70 (like me) and your health is not so good, your odds are a lot worse, say 10% chance of dying.  We should let people make their own choices; we should not force people in fear of their lives to go back to work.  Likewise we should not prevent people who want to get back to work from doing so.  

Canned Catfood. Pate vs Shreds & Glop

I prefer pate. It is less messy to handle.  Cat prefers shreds & glop.  How can I tell?  She doesn't eat much pate, but she will have all the shreds and glop eaten within the hour.