Jackie Fisher was appointed commander in chief of the
British Royal Navy in the years before WWI.
Aircraft had not been invented yet.
Fisher saw his problem as finding the German Navy at sea and engaging it
with the larger Royal Navy. The Germans
(and everybody else) would have a screen of cruisers around the battle
fleet. Cruisers could easily sink
contemporary destroyers so having destroyers search for the enemy would just
get a lot of destroyers sunk. Fisher
demanded a special purpose vessel, the battle cruiser, to go looking for the
enemy. The battle cruiser had to be
fast, which called for a big ship, and heavily armed so it could blow enemy cruisers
out of its way. The result was a fine
looking vessel, as big and handsome as a battle ship, but lacking a
battleship’s armor. The officers
appointed to command the battle cruisers though they had command of a
battleship and acted accordingly.
At the climatic WWI
battle of Jutland, the British battle cruisers were
commanded by flamboyant Admiral Beatty. Beatty
took his fleet of four battle cruisers out into the North Sea
and located the German battle fleet. At
this time, Beatty should have broken off the action, radioed German position
course and speed to British Grand Fleet and then run for it.
Instead, Beatty
engaged the German battle ship fleet and had three of his four battle cruisers were
sunk by German fire. “There seems to be
something wrong with our ships today” said Beatty at the time. Beatty didn’t
even bother to radio the German’s position, course and speed back to Grand
Fleet.
Fortunately for
the British, Grand Fleet was commanded by canny old Admiral Jellico. Jellico looked at the weather, the tides, and
what Intel he had, and figured out just where the German fleet was going. He got it right, and Grand Fleet was able to
find the Germans, and cross the German’s Tee, the decisive maneuver in battle
ship actions.
HMS Hood was laid
down as a battle cruiser during WWI but was not finished and launched until the
war was over. After the destruction of
three battle cruisers at Jutland, the British beefed up
the armor on Hood. But they treated her as a battle ship even
though her armor was only 6 inches instead of the 12 inches considered proper
for real battleships. Twenty years later
Hood was send out to stop Bismarck. Bismarck
scored a single hit on Hood’s deck, the shell went right thru and exploded and
Hood sank in minutes. The last of the
battle cruisers.