The beginnings of Civilization, 20,000 to 8000 BC.

 I just watched a thought providing U-Tube video.  “The beginnings of Civilization, 20,000 to 8000 BC.  Civilization, (www.utube.com/watch $ v=bQxoZsHUw) by which they (and I) mean cities, needs agriculture to feed the city dwellers.  You cannot feed even a small town by having the citizens go out and hunt deer.  Hunter gathering can feed a family, or even a number of families living in a small village, especially in a location with warm winters.  But it cannot feed a city population of perhaps 20% of the population.  Plus, the meat from hunting won’t keep where as grain, flour, will.

    Obviously they cannot start farming until the ice age glaciers melt out.  Nothing will grow when there is snow on the ground all year round.  We used to think that happened 10,000 years ago.  Lots of recent archeology has pushed that back to 20,000 years ago.  We have some (not a lot yet) of archeological evidence of some agriculture getting started way back then, 20,000 years before present.  We don’t see real cities until 10,000 years ago.  Looks like it took 10,000 years for agriculture to develop into a city supporting force.  What took so long?

   Well there are a number of technologies needed to make agriculture work.  First of all you have to figure out how to make grain (grass seed basically) edible by humans.  I cannot eat the grass seed I have in my garage for seeding the lawn; it’s mostly dried blades of grass, with very little carbs to it.  Wheat seeds are better, more carbs and less blades of grass.  The milling process, using mill stones, separates the dried blades of grass and grinds the carb part of the seed into flour.   Once we have flour we can brew beer, attractive because of the alcohol content and containing a fair amount of nourishment.  Today they sell Bud Light to the many customers who don’t want to gain weight.  More complex is learning how to get bread dough to rise, and figuring out that baking the risen dough yields tasty bread.  That might have taken a few thousand years. 

   Then we need some tools to till the soil.  I suppose with enough hard labor you can till a small field with nothing better than a digging stick, but I would not like to depend upon it.  To make a hoe takes metal.  To make a primitive plow (an ard they are called) needs a small amount of metal.  I suppose you can harvest the grain with a flint sickle but I think a metal one will work better.  Then you have to store the harvest in something.  Baskets, pots, or bags.  All of these had not been invented 20,000 years ago.  Pots only turn up 9000 years ago.  

   And then there is animal husbandry, which must have started with sheep and goats and pigs, with cows coming later.  Which needs shepherds and swineherds and goatherds to keep the stock on the farm.  And sheep dogs.  Must have taken generations to breed up sheep dogs from the hunting dogs and watch dogs.